Kingdom Plantae

Kingdom Plantae contains nearly 300,000 different kinds of plants. They also place the macroscopic, multicellular brown algae (Division Phaeophyta) and red algae (Division Rhodophyta) in the Kingdom Plantae.Although this does not make it the largest kingdom, many might argue that it is the most important one.In the process known as "photosynthesis ", plants use the energy of the Sun to make food and oxygen. This complex chemical reaction provides nearly all the oxygen in Earth's atmosphere and all the food required by living things. Although some protists and bacteria are capable of performing photosynthesis, plants do most of the photosynthesis on Earth.

                 The ancestors of plants first appeared in the seas nearly 700 million years ago. Another 265 million years passed before the first plants appeared on land. These early land plants looked very different than the plants you're familiar with today. In fact, many of them didn't even have roots, stems, or leaves! Since then, plants have taken on a variety of forms and are found in most places on Earth.

General Characteristics
 

A. Contain chlorophylls a and b.
B. Cell walls made of cellulose.
C. Have tissues and organs (roots, stems and leaves).
 

 Evolution of Plants
A. Evidence that plants evolved from algae
1. Green algae and plants both have chloroplast with chlorophylls a and b
2. Both have cell walls made of cellulose.
3. Both form starch as stored glucose.
4. Both demonstrate alternation of generations

Problems with life on land
A. Dehydration
1. Adaptations
a) Roots, vascular tissue, cuticles and bark
B. Support
1. Adaptations
a) Stiffer, thick cell walls; wood
C. Distribution of gametes and/or spores
1. Adaptations
a) Water tight seeds and/or spores.
b) Spores lighter than air.

Classification of Plants

A. Phylum Bryophyta 

• Primitive
• Lack vascular tissue
• Lack true roots
• Mosses and liverworts (Hepatophyta)

B. Super Phylum Tracheophyta

• More advanced than Bryophytes
• Contain vascular tissue

C. Phylum Pterophyta 

• Reproduce by spores
• Leaves generally grow from underground stems
• Ferns and horse tails

D. Phylum Coniferophyta

• Produce naked seeds in cones
• Many are evergreens
• Produce soft wood
• Needle like leaves
• Redwoods, pines, cypress and junipers

E. Phylum Anthophyta

• Flowering plants
• Either herbaceous or hardwoods
• Most advanced of all plant forms

a) Class Monocotyldonae (Monocots)

• Seeds contain one cotyledon
• Leaves have parallel veins
• Flower parts are usually in multiples of 3
• Lack cambium
• In the stem, vascular bundles are scattered
• Generally wind pollinated
• All are herbaceous with a few exceptions

b) Class Dicotyledonae (Dicots)

• This class is now called Eudicotyledonae
• Seeds contain two cotyledons
• Leaves have netted veins
• Flower parts are usually in multiples of 4 or 5
• Have cambium
• Vascular bundles are arranged in a cylinder, in the stem.
• Generally pollinated by animals.

 Five kingdom classification

Kingdom Fungi

            A fungus is a member of a large group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and moulds), as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, Fungi, which is separate from plants, animals, and bacteria. One major difference is that fungal cells have cell walls that contain chitin, unlike the cell walls of plants, which contain cellulose.There are about 40 000 different kinds of fungi. 

             

            These are organisms without chlorophyll, have heterotrophic mode of nutrition.Fungi have evolved to use a lot of different items for food. Some are decomposers living on dead organic material like leaves. Some fungi cause diseases by using living organisms for food. These fungi infect plants, animals and even other fungi. Athlete’s foot and ringworm are two fungal diseases in humans. The mycorrhizal fungi live as partners with plants. They provide mineral nutrients to the plant in exchange for carbohydrates or other chemicals fungi cannot manufacture.

             

                   They have wide variety of organisms which range from yeasts, fungi to mushrooms. The branch of science which deals with disease causing fungi is known as Fungal Pathology. Saprotrophic organisms are known as decomposer as their organic food comes from dead and decayed matter.Mycology is the branch of biology which deals with the study of fungi.

Example :

•  Rust
• Smut
• Truffles
• Mushrooms 
• Yeast

Five kingdom classification

 Five kingdom classification

This is the five kingdom classification given by scientist Whittaker (1969).This scheme was based on -

• Structure of Cells - {prokaryotic or eukaryotic }
• Structure of Organism - {unicellular or Multicellular}
• Mode of nutrition - Photosynthesis in green plants, absorption in fungi and ingestion in animals. 

1.  Kingdom Monera
2.  Kingdom Protista
3.  Kingdom Fungi
4.  Kingdom Plantae
5.  Kingdom Animalia